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中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

  中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄

  由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

  麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

  一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

  此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

  作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。

  美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

  这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。

  从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

  两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

  House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

  (ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

  The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

  Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

  On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

  On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

  Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

  As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

  But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

  CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

  This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

  Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

  From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

  Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

  The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.

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    丰田换帅凸显“大象”转身之困******

      时隔逾13年,全球最大车企掌门人变更。1月26日,日本丰田汽车公司召开董事会,宣布丰田章男将卸任丰田汽车社长,转任丰田汽车公司会长,社长职位由丰田汽车公司旗下豪华品牌雷克萨斯负责人佐藤恒治接任。该项任命将于今年4月1日正式生效。

      日本企业的“会长”职位要高于社长,但舆论普遍认为,社长才是企业经营的真正决策者。这意味着,丰田章男将退居“二线”,同时这家全球汽车巨头也将重新开启由丰田家族和外姓人士轮流担任社长的新时代。

      作为丰田汽车创始人丰田喜一郎之孙,丰田章男于2009年6月临危受命。上任之初,适逢国际金融危机导致公司财务严重赤字,尔后又经历了全球大规模产品召回、日本大地震、芯片短缺、新冠肺炎疫情等多重考验。对此,丰田章男不断推进内部重组改革,并全力打造TNGA(丰田新全球架构),提升产品力。目前包含大发和日野在内的集团年销量突破千万辆,超过大众汽车集团,已连续3年成为全球最大汽车制造商。

      在带领丰田全球销量夺冠的同时,丰田章男误判了全球汽车产业变革趋势。基于对混动技术和燃料电池技术优势与自信,丰田意图跨越纯电阶段,从混动直接跃升至氢燃料。与丰田不同的是,中国在新能源汽车技术转型战略中,选择了以纯电动作为新能源汽车产业化的突破口,改变了全球汽车产业格局。

      得益于良好的顶层设计、不断完善的支持政策体系和企业的集体拼搏奋进,以及超大规模市场优势,中国新能源汽车产销规模不仅连续8年稳居全球第一,而且成为引领欧美汽车企业加快向电动化转型的重要力量。

      问题在于,面对全球汽车产业电动化浪潮,丰田章男并不认同电动汽车的发展路线,也曾多次在公开场合“炮轰电动车”,并表示“电动车既不环保也不省钱”“电动车越多,二氧化碳越严重”。

      掌门人的态度必然会影响丰田在电动化上推进的决心与速度。面对电动化浪潮澎湃,虽然丰田在3年前也曾推出电动化战略以及e-TNGA平台,丰田章男更是一口气携15款全新电动车亮相发布会,但时至今日丰田的纯电车型在市场上并没找到存在感。公开数据显示,去年特斯拉全球电动汽车销量超过130万辆,比亚迪纯电动汽车销量超过90万辆;丰田的纯电动汽车销量则不及前两者零头,而其试图重新定义纯电动产品的bZ4X,被网友讥讽为“验证码”车型,在市场上根本没有存在感。

      “我是老一代,也感受到了作为‘造车人’的局限性,我认为有必要在新的时代隐退。我相信,在过去的13年里,我已经为传递接力棒打下了坚实的基础,新的管理团队肩负着将丰田转变为移动出行公司的使命。”很难想象,在线上发布会上如此讲话,是丰田章男对自己的真实评价。不过,这也从另一个维度凸显了当下“大象”转身之困。

      “大象”转身之困,既在于企业对过去思维定势和旧有路径的依赖,也在于庞大组织结构和复杂低效流程的拖累。其实,面临赛道切换时,“既要又要”两个目标同时存在,常常使得越是成功的车企,越会显得左右为难。此前,大众汽车集团首席执行官赫伯特·迪斯也刚刚卸任。与丰田章男在电动化上的“保守”相比,迪斯虽然更加激进,但也在集团内部饱受争议。而软件开发项目进度严重滞后和预算超支,最终成为其不得不下课的导火索。

      船大难调头。面对全球汽车产业百年未有之大变局,当前传统车企都在摸索中前行,而企业掌舵者的眼光、态度和决策无疑将深刻影响企业未来。换帅后的丰田和大众,能否在汽车变革新时代突破转型之困,守住领头羊位置,显然还需要时间来检验。 (杨忠阳 来源:经济日报)

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